Links and References

IN ENGLISH:

1. Conventional Signs and Abbreviations Used on USSR Military and Geodesy and Cartography Committee Maps, Series GSGS 5861 (Military Survey [UK], 1992). http://www.worldcat.org/title/conventional-signs-and-abbreviations-used-on-ussr-military-generalnyi-shtab-and-geodesy-and-cartography-committee-komitet-geodezii-i-kartografii-maps/oclc/740303228

2. “Copying Maps Costs AA £20m,” Guardian, March 6, 2001. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/mar/06/andrewclark

3. Foreign Maps, US Department of the Army Technical Manual TM 5- 248 (1963). Includes a useful summary of USSR mapping activities, authorities, and map characteristics at that time. https://archive.org/details/TM5-248

4. Glossary of Soviet Military and Related Abbreviations, US Department of the Army Technical Manual TM 30- 546 (1957). https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/TM30-546_1957.pdf -. The Organization of Soviet Geodesy and Cartography, Provisional Intelligence Report, USA Central Intelligence Agency, June 1954 https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/CIA_Soviet_Organization_1954.pdf

5. Red Army Maps of UK and Other Countries (catalog) (Kerry, Wales: David Archer Maps, 1996). https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/RedArmyMaps.pdf

6. “Russia Jails ‘Spy’ for Handing Maps to US Intelligence,” BBC News, May 31, 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18279403

7. Russian Military Mapping: A Guide to Using the Most Comprehensive Source of Global Geospatial Intelligence (Minneapolis: East View Press, 2005). This is a translation of the 2003 edition of the manual used by the Russian armed forces. https://www.eastviewpress.com/resources/books/russian-military-mapping/

8. “Russian Spy Jailed for Sending Secret Army Maps to US,” BBC News, May 13, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8679994.stm

9. Soviet Topographic Map Symbols, US Department of the Army Technical Manual TM 30- 548 (1958). https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/TM30-548_1958.pdf

10. Specifications for Topographic Map in Scale 1:50 000, 2nd ed. (Riga: State Land Service of the Republic of Latvia Cartography Board, 2000). https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/LGIA.pdf

11. Symbols on Land Maps, Aeronautical and Special Naval Charts, Standardization Agreement (STANAG) (Military Agency for Standardization, North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO], 2000). Unclassified. https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/STANAG3675.pdf

12. Terrain Analysis of Afghanistan (Minneapolis: East View Press, 2003). Translations of the topographic descriptions on the Soviet 1:200,000 sheets. http://geospatial.com

13. Terrain Analysis of Syria and Lebanon (Minneapolis: East View Press, 2015). http://geospatial.com

14. Terrain Analysis of Ukraine (Minneapolis: East View Press, 2014). http://geospatial.com

15. “UK Government’s Secret List of ‘Probable Nuclear Targets’ in 1970s Released,” Guardian, June 5, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/05/uk-government-top-secret-list-probable-nuclear-targets-1970s

16. “USSR Planned to Invade Sweden,” Pravda Online, February 21, 2003,  https://redatlas.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/PravdaOnLine_21Feb2003.pdf

17. “Where to Purchase Soviet Military Mapping,” Information Sheet 1C, Cambridge University Library Map Department (UK), first issued September 7, 2001, and updated regularly; latest version dated December 8, 2015  Not available online.

18. P. Collier, D. Fontana, A. Pearson, and A. Ryder, “The State of Mapping in the Former Satellite Countries of Eastern Europe,” Cartographic Journal 33, no. 2 (1996): 131– 39. https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/Collier1996.pdf

19. John L. Cruickshank, “Mapping for a Multi- Lingual Military Alliance: The Case of East Germany,” The Ranger [journal of the Defence Surveyors’ Association, UK] (Winter 2009): 33– 36. https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/MappingForMultilingualAlliance.pdf

20. John L. Cruickshank, “Military Mapping by Russia and the Soviet Union,” in The History of Cartography, Vol. 6: Cartography in the Twentieth Century, ed. Mark Monmonier (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), 932– 42.

--. Martin Davis and A.J. Kent 'Improving User Access to Soviet Military Mapping: Current Issues in Libraries and Collections around the Globe', Journal of Map & Geography Libraries, Vol 13, 2017, Issue 2 https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/ImprovingUserAccess.pdf

--. Martin Davis and A.J. Kent 'Identifying Metadata on Soviet Military Maps: An Illustrated Guide' https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/IdentifyingMetadata.pdf

- Martin Davis & Alexander J. Kent (2021) An Analysis of the Global Symbology of Soviet Military City Plans, The Cartographic Journal, DOI: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00087041.2021.1958193

- Martin Davis & Alexander J. Kent (2021) An Analysis of the Global Symbology of Soviet Military City Plans, The Cartographic Journal, DOI: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23729333.2022.2047396

- Davis, M. (2021). A Cartographic Analysis of Soviet Military City Plans. Springer
International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84017-4

-  Kent, A. J., Davis, M., & Davies, J. (2019). “The Soviet mapping of Poland – a brief overview.” Miscellanea Geographica, 23(1) pp.5–15. https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2018-0034

21. A. J. Kent and P. Vujakovic, “Stylistic Diversity in European State 1:50,000 Topographic Maps,” Cartographic Journal 46, no. 3 (2000): 179– 213. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/000870409X12488753453453

22. Nikolay N. Komedchikov [Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow], “Copyright on Cartographic Works in the Russian Federation,’ ACTA Scientiarum Polonorum, Geodesia et Descriptio Terrarum 6, no. 3 (2007): 15–18. https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/Komedchikov2007.pdf

23. Nikolay N. Komedchikov, “The General Theory of Cartography Under the Aspect of Semiotics,” Trans Internet Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaften [Trans Internet journal for cultural studies], no. 16 (2005), https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/Komedchikov.pdf

24. Greg Miller, Inside the Secret World of Russia’s Cold War Map Makers, Wired.com, 2015 http://www.wired.com/2015/07/secret-cold-war-maps

25. Clifford J. Mugnier, “Grids & Datums: Republic of Estonia,” Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing (August 2007): 869– 70. Describes the 1963 Projection of Soviet maps for civil use. https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/Mugnier2007.pdf

26. Béla Pokoly, ed., Cartography in Hungary 2003– 2007 (Moscow: Proceedings of 14th General Assembly, August 4– 9, 2007). https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/Cartography_in_Hungary_2003-2007.pdf See also: http://icaci.org/files/documents/national_reports/2007-2011/Hungary.pdf

27. Alexey V. Postnikov, “Maps for Ordinary Consumers versus Maps for the Military: Double Standards of Map Accuracy in Soviet Cartography, 1917– 1991,” Cartography and Geographic Information Science 29, no. 3 (2002): 243– 60. https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/Postnikov.pdf

28. Alexey V. Postnikov, Russia in Maps: A History of the Geographical Study and Cartography of the Country (Moscow: Nash Dom– L’Age D’Homme, 1996). Part of the Russia’s Cultural Heritage series from the Russian State Library Collection. https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/Postnikov1996.pdf

29. Roskartografia (Russian State Mapping Service), Toponymic Data Files: Automated Data Processing Systems: Development of Russia’s National Catalogue of Geographic Names (New York: United Nations Economic and Social Council, Seventh United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, 1998). https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/8th-uncsgn-docs/inf/8th_UNCSGN_econf.94_INF.61.pdf

30. Michael Stankiewicz et al., The Evolution of Mathematical Bases of Polish Topographic Maps During the Recent 80 Years (Moscow: Proceedings of 23rd International Cartographic Conference, August 4–10, 2007). https://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2007/abstracts/html/2_Poster1_3_THE%20EVOLUTION%20OF%20THE%20MATHEMATICAL%20BASES.htm

31. Desmond Travers, Soviet Military Mapping of Ireland During the Cold War (Zurich: Parallel History Project on Co-operative Security [PHP], [n.d.]), http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/publications/areastudies/sovmilmap.html

32. Dagmar Unverhau, ed., State Security and Mapping in the German Democratic Republic: Map Falsification as a Consequence of Excessive Secrecy? (Berlin: Lit Verlag, 2006). https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/Map-Falsification.pdf

IN FINNISH:

33. Erkki-Sakari Harju, Suomen sotilaskartoitus, 400 vuotta [Finnish military mapping, 400 years] (Helsinki: AtlasArt Oy, 2016). http://www.atlasart.fi/verkkokauppa/kirjat/suomen-sotilaskartoitus-400-vuotta/

IN GERMAN:

34. Militärtopographie Lehrbuch für Offiziere [Military topography textbook for officers] (Berlin: Verlag Des Ministeriums Für Nationale Verteidigung, 1960). Includes examples and symbology of DDR maps and those of West Germany, NATO, France, Britain, and the United States. https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/lehrbuch.pdf

35. Gerhard L. Fasching, ed., Militärisches Geowesen der DDR von den Anfängen bis zur Wiedervereinigung [East German military- topographic service from inception to unification] (Wien: Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung, 2006).

• A history of the service with illustrations and map extracts. https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/Fasching.pdf
• English translation by John L Cruickshank of list of contents, list of diagrams and maps, appendices https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/MilgeoNr20-Fasching.pdf

 

IN POLISH:

36. Wokowach Radzieckiej Doktryny Politycznej [In the shackles of Soviet political doctrine] (Warsaw: Wydawca Geodeta, 2010). The history of the Polish Military- Topographic Service, 1945– 90. Not available online.

IN RUSSIAN:

37. Fundamental Regulations for the Making of Topographic Maps at the Scales of 1:10,000, 1:25,000, 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 (Moscow: Head of the Military Topographic Directorate of the General Staff and the Head of the Main Administration for Geodesy and Cartography of the Ministry of Internal Affairs [MVD] of the USSR, Editorial- Publishing Department of the Military Topographic Service Moscow, 1956). There is also a 1984 edition.

English translation of 1956 edition by John L Cruickshank https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/FundamentalRegulations_1956_translation.pdf

38. Handbook on Cartographic and Map-Issuing Works; Part 4: Compilation and Preparation for Printing of Plans of Towns (Moscow: Chief of the Military-Topographic Directorate of the General Staff and by the Chief of the Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, 1978).

English translation by John L Cruickshank https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/Handbook_1978_translation.pdf

39. Карта Офицера [Map officer] (Moscow: General Directorate of Combat Training of the Ground Forces, 1985). https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/kartaofficer.pdf

40. Symbols on Topographic Maps 1:10,000 Scale (Moscow: Head of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers and the Head of the Military Topographic Directorate of the General Staff).

• 1977 edition https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/Symbols_10k_1977.pdf
• 1954 edition https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/Symbols_10k_1954.pdf

 

41. T. V. Vereshchaka, Топографические Карты, Научные Основы Содержания [Topographic maps: the scientific foundations of their content] (Moscow: MAIK “Nauka/Interperiodika,” 2002).

English translation https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/Vereschaka_2002_translation.pdf

IN SWEDISH:

42. Walther Blaadh (pseud.), Sovjetisk Invasion av Sverige: Hur planerade Sovjet att invadera Sverige? Vad visste de? Hemliga kartor, planer och förband [Soviet invasion of Sweden: How the Soviet Union planned to invade Sweden? What did they know? Secret maps, plans and formations], ed. Simon Olsson (Stockholm: Swedish Association for Military History, 2015). http://www.pennanochsvardet.se/

43. Joakim von Braun and Lars Gyllenhall, Ryska elitförband [Russian elite forces] (Stockholm: Förlag Fischer, 2013). Includes Soviet military mapping of Sweden. http://www.lindco.se/bocker/ryska-elitforband/

The following articles have appeared in Sheetlines, the journal of the Charles Close Society for the Study of Ordnance Survey maps www.charlesclosesociety.org

44. John Cruickshank, “German-Soviet Friendship and the Warsaw Pact Mapping of Britain and Western Europe,” Sheetlines 79 (August 2007): 23– 43. https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/sheetlines-articles/Issue79page23.pdf

45. John Cruickshank, “Виды из Москвы—Views from Moscow,” Sheetlines 82 (August 2008): 37– 49. https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/sheetlines-articles/Issue82page37.pdf

46. John Cruickshank, “Khrushchev Preferred Bartholomew’s Maps,” Sheetlines 87 (April 2010): 31– 34. https://www.charlesclosesociety.org/files/Issue87page31.pdf

47. John Cruickshank, “How Big a Map Does It Take to Build Socialism?” Sheetlines 89 (December 2010): 5–12. https://www.charlesclosesociety.org/files/Issue89page5.pdf

48. John Davies, “Uncle Joe Knew Where You Lived: Soviet Mapping of Britain,” Sheetlines 72 (April 2005): 26–38; and Sheetlines 73 (August 2005): 6–20.

part 1: https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/sheetlines-articles/Issue72page26.pdf

part 2: https://www.charlesclosesociety.org/files/Issue73page6.pdf

49. John Davies, “Comrade Baranow, the Bouncing Czech, Penkilan Head and the World Map,” Sheetlines 78 (April 2007): 32–33. https://www.charlesclosesociety.org/files/Issue78page32.pdf

50. David Watt, “Soviet Military Mapping,” Sheetlines 74 (December 2005): 9– 12. https://www.charlesclosesociety.org/files/Issue74page9.pdf

OTHER USEFUL RESOURCES:

51. Ordnance Survey statement of September 1997 https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/OS_Statement.pdf

52. The following libraries have collections of Soviet maps for inspection on site:

• Bodleian Library, Oxford, UK http://ox.libguides.com/finding-maps
• British Library, London, UK http://www.bl.uk/subjects/maps
• Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, UK http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/departments/maps
• Library of Congress, Washington, DC https://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/?&loclr=rec005
• Library of Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland http://www.tcd.ie/library/map-library/index.php
• National Library of Latvia https://www.lnb.lv/en/collections-reading-rooms/cartographic-publications

53. The following libraries have collections of Soviet maps viewable online:

• ICGC Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya: http://cartotecadigital.icc.cat/cdm/search/searchterm/govern%20sovietic/order/datea/lang/en_US
• National Library of Australia: https://trove.nla.gov.au/search/category/images?keyword=Soviet%20Union.%20Sovetskai%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1%20Armii%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1.%20General%CA%B9nyi%CC%86%20shtab&l-availability=y&l-availability=y%2Ff
• Stanford University: http://library.stanford.edu/guides/soviet-military-topographic-map-sets

54. Original paper copies of Soviet maps are on sale at Jana Seta map shop in Riga, Latvia: https://www.karsuveikals.lv/en

55. Digital images of Soviet maps are available as free download or for purchase from the following:

• https://mapstor.com
• http://maps.vlasenko.net
• http://geospatial.com
• http://www.landinfo.com (contact Geoffrey Forbes gforbes@landinfo.com)
• http://www.omnimap.com
• University of Greifswald: https://geogreif.uni-greifswald.de/search?map=overview&init=R (scroll to RKW) Maps of scales 1:50,000 to 1:1,000,000 of Germany, Central and Eastern Europe, Russsia all pre-1940

 

OTHER LINKS

Soviet maps of Belgium and Netherlands at: http://www.atlassen.info/kaarten/topograf/genshtab/genshtabt.html#summary

Polish military maps from 1919-1939 at: http://english.mapywig.org/news.php

Military and other historic maps, primarily of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia at: http://www.maps4u.lt/en/news.php

German, Russian and other mapping of World War 2 era and much else at: http://wwii-photos-maps.com

Translation of 'spravka' for San Diego in Wired.com at: https://www.wired.com/2015/07/soviet-militarys-eerily-detailed-guide-san-diego/

Free online world maps including Soviet military topos http://opentiles.org/

Free Soviet military topographic maps with translated names overprinted https://www.geamap.com/en/soviet#13/51.4950/-0.1140

Investigation of Amsterdam city plan by Dirk Kloosterboer at https://dirkmjk.nl/en/2017/12/%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC-mapped-soviet-union

Index diagrams published by Russkarta in 1990s:

•  50k sheets of Europe, Finland, Greece, Iran, S.Korea, Turkey --- https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/50k_sheets.pdf
•  100k sheets of China, Cuba, Eurpoe, Iran, Malaysia, N.Africa, Pakistan, Somalia, Turkay, USA --- https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/100k_sheets.pdf
• 200k sheets of Alaska, Canada, C.Africa, China, Eq.Africa, Europe, Greenland, India, Iran, Malaysia, Mexico, N.Africa, Singapore, S.America, Spitsbergen, Turkey, USA --- https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/200k_sheets.pdf
• 500k sheets of Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, N.America, S.America --- https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/redatlas/500k_sheets.pdf

Maps of Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Poland offered by Topkart https://redatlas.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/Topkart_Offering.pdf

Specification for Soviet 1:1000 maps https://www.rags.ru/stroyka/text/47985/

Where’s My Embassy, Comrade?’: An Examination of The 1981 Soviet Military City Plan of Canberra, Brendan Whyte, The Globe, Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Map Society Inc. Number 87, 2020 https://redatlas.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/SovietMappingofCanberra.pdf

Secret Maps of Southsea, David Sherren, Map Librarian at the University of Portsmouth https://southsealifestyle.com/secret-maps/

Analysis of Lists of Imporatnt Objects on Soviet Military City Plans, John Davies and David Watt https://redatlas.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/ImportantObjects_JD_DW.pdf